Update: More laws added. Thanks to Matt Farah's keen observation on Twitter yesterday, 2/7/2020, I've added law number 18. Thanks to him and Alex Roy for their insights and also incidents captured by video going viral and the general state of awareness of the limitations and benefits of AV's, I've added laws 19 and 20 as well.
Autonomous cars are robots. Large, heavy, powerful and fast robots. Initially inspired by science fiction author Isaac Asimov’s Laws of Robotics, there are far more laws that are needed due to the nature of a vehicle and today's litigious society. Not only must occupants and pedestrians be protected, but the manufacturer must be as well. The laws are to address the concerns of protection from bodily harm, disclosing information and protecting the manufacturer.
The 20 Laws of Autonomous Cars:
1. A vehicle may not harm its occupant(s) or pedestrian(s) by intended action or inaction.
2. A vehicle may not exceed the posted speed limits, nor drive under the speed limit unless safe to do so.
3. A vehicle’s speed may not exceed the threshold braking distance to a hazard visible to the human eye.
4. A vehicle may not leave the roadway during an emergency maneuver unless clear of objects.
5. A vehicle will prioritize the safety of its occupants over animals and will utilize contact with fixed objects if necessary to avoid harming human life.
6. A vehicle may not allow an intoxicated or impaired passenger behind the wheel unless it is a declared emergency and the destination is to the nearest care center.
7. All occupants must be belted or secured, including pets. Same with heavy cargo.
8. Any detected safety related fault or failure will require manual control at all times and must be cleared before any other autonomous destinations.
9. All accidents, impacts and collisions will be verified with cameras and logged and reported.
10. A vehicle will not record license plate information and actions of other human-driven vehicles for reporting or re-transmission to law enforcement, state or company agencies or insurance companies.
11.Vehicle manufacturers cannot upload any owner information, action or location without owner consent. A vehicle may only request this information on a yearly basis.
12. One occupant must possess a valid driver’s license until full autonomy is allowed.
13. Proof of valid insurance will be required on file for any autonomous mode driving unless the vehicle company assumes liability.
14. A vehicle must yield to faster traffic regardless of the posted speed limit. If there is no adjacent lane to move into, the vehicle will pull over to a safe area and allow the faster vehicle to overtake it.
15. A vehicle in full autonomous mode must be proven to be able to safely navigate in the rain, snow, gravel and at night. Update: And be able to navigate city streets, making right turns on red and identifying potential risk such as pedestrians, bicyclists, construction zones, etc.
16. A vehicle in full autonomous mode that is damaged by a road hazard will have the manufacturer pursue the repair claim
without owner or occupant involvement
17. An autonomous vehicle must be certified "Cyber-Secure” by an accredited third party testing agency using the methods and techniques in the applied standard. Any damage, injury, or death that occurs in full autonomous mode is the financial responsibility of the manufacturer.
18. An AV without a steering wheel may not refuse a destination unless it is restricted by law enforcement, emergencies workers or federal authority.
19. A steering wheel equipped AV must monitor driver body position and face/eye position.
20. An AV will attempt to briefly notify or signal another human-driven vehicle of a vehicle defect or fault such has brake lights being inoperative or the vehicle being unlit at night.
Reasoning for the 18 Laws of Autonomous Cars:
1. A vehicle may not harm its occupant(s) or pedestrian(s) by intended action or inaction: Braking and evasive maneuvers must occur to avoid humans and harmful objects. This can be as obscure as moving forward when a rear end collision is detected to lower the speed of impact.
2. A vehicle may not exceed the posted speed limit, nor drive under the speed limit unless unsafe to do so: Despite archaic postedvhighway speeds, the blame and potential liability must be avoided by the manufacturers. This holds true in residential zones as well. The plus side is the push for updated speed limits by commuters will be widespread.
3. Vehicle speed may not exceed the threshold braking distance to a hazard: From an accident, to a tree, a rockslide, etc. the vehicle must detect or be informed of the hazard and brake at a distance that will allow collision avoidance. While the vehicle will know the tire temperatures and inflation levels due sensors that it must have, does it know the condition of the tires, age, tread depth and even the
type of compound. All-season tires are an obvious choice, but speed will be reduced in inclement weather. What if the owner prefers a less expensive, longer treadlife and hence harder compound that has an emergency braking distance ten or even thirty or more feet further than a summer compound performance tire? Or the owner has tires offering more grip and shorter braking distances but are miserable in the snow?
4. A vehicle may not leave the roadway during an emergency maneuver unless clear of objects: The vehicle may not swerve and for example hit a tree, a parked vehicle or go down an embankment potentially injuring its occupants to avoid an accident.
5. A vehicle will prioritize the safety of its occupants over animals and will utilize contact with fixed objects if necessary to avoid harming human life: Seemingly conflicting with law number four, if necessary a vehicle will use friction such as scraping against a wall to reduce speed if the rate of deceleration isn’t sufficient. Animals below a predetermined size and weight will not be prioritized over potential harm to occupants.
6. A vehicle may not allow an intoxicated or impaired passenger behind the wheel unless it is a declared emergency and the destination is to the nearest care center and only in full autonomous mode: The manufacturer will not risk liability of an impaired person driving and will only allow an impaired person to sit in that location if the vehicle is in full autonomous mode and the situation is an emergency. This implies and requires the vehicle to have the ability to detect impairment of the occupant in the driver’s seat and also have a “911 mode” that has an emergency care center as the only destination and will notify authorities of an emergency. Note that prevents abuse of the
use of a privately owned vehicle and eliminates the liability a manufacturer may incur.
7. All occupants must be belted, including pets. During full autonomous mode, a manufacturer will not risk liability due to a pet such as a dog or cat injuring a human occupant during a collision. An animal must be harnessed or in a carrier/cage the carrier/cage must be
secured.
8. Any detected safety related fault or failure will require manual control at all times and must be cleared before any other autonomous destinations. The liability of the manufacturer ignoring a safety warning is too great.
9. All accidents, impacts and collisions will be verified with cameras and logged and reported. This is only for accidents the said vehicle is involved in. Again, avoiding liability for the manufacturer. If the vehicle systems witness an accident, the owner of the witnessing vehicle must provide permission to allow the recording to be released. And can only be forced to do so by court order unless the ownership and registration is to the manufacturer or fleet agency.
10. A vehicle will not record license plate information and actions of other human-driven vehicles for reporting or re-transmission to law enforcement, state or company agencies or insurance companies. Only a felonious act or an accident with injury per law number 9 above qualifies.
Random or constant recording is not allowed unless the vehicle is for law enforcement use only and used full-time by law enforcement personnel.
11. Vehicle manufacturers cannot upload any owner information, action or location without owner consent. A vehicle may only request this information on a yearly basis. Profiling, tracking, driving habits, conversations, images, etc. are all prohibited from being transmitted,
just like a smart phone.
12. One occupant must possess a valid driver’s license until full autonomy is allowed where the vehicle is operating, whether by state or by road type, location, etc. Full autonomy implies no occupant behind the wheel or the occupant in the driver’s seat is distracted, impaired, handicapped, underage, etc.
13. Proof of valid insurance will be required on file for any autonomous mode driving unless the vehicle company assumes liability. This will have to be verifiable with the manufacturer by records cross matching, a coded drivers license or card, biometrics, etc.
14. A vehicle must yield to faster traffic regardless of the posted speed limit. If there is no adjacent lane to move into, the vehicle will pull over to a safe area and allow the faster vehicle to overtake it. An autonomous vehicle will not brake check, prevent a faster vehicle from overtaking and will move over wherever safe to allow a vehicle following closely to proceed. This will be a great advantage to faster human drivers, and per law number 10, without consequences to the faster vehicle.
15. A vehicle in full autonomous mode must be proven to be able to safely navigate in the rain, snow, gravel and at night. Update: And city streets, right turns on red and more. If any fault or unacceptable level of vision by the sensors, the vehicle will pull over when safe and only proceed if driven by a human.
16. A vehicle in full autonomous mode that is damaged by a road hazard will have the manufacturer pursue the repair claim without owner or occupant involvement. An owner will not be held responsible nor will their insurance company. Simple claims of, “I wouldn’t drive that fast.”, “That wasn’t the route I would take.” And, “I wouldn’t choose that lane.” Automatically remove fault from the non-driving occupant/owner.
17. An autonomous vehicle must be certified "Cyber-Secure” by an accredited third party testing agency using the methods and techniques in the applied standard Any damage, injury, or death that occurs in full autonomous mode is the financial responsibility of the manufacturer. A disclosed flat-rate settlement per type of injury and death will eventually take hold much like disability insurance. And people will try to go after the manufacturers for large payouts.
18. An AV may not decide on a destination or refuse a destination in conflict with the occupant request. However this opens the Pandora's Box to monitoring. What if one passenger declares a medical emergency and another passenger says its not? It must defer to the medical emergency and notify authorities. What if transport to the nearest facility takes longer than a local ambulance to arrive? Will the network decide which option is faster, and how? What if the AV hears an intent to do harm to another upon arrival. Interior cameras are clearly needed, again.
19. A steering wheel equipped AV and any vehicle with active cruise and steering wheel control must monitor body position so the occupant is properly positioned to be safe in an accident or emergency maneuver. When the occupant-now-driver chooses to take control, face/eye position monitoring must be active. Despite some current systems not monitoring the driver's face/head position and/or eye position, this must be implemented to prevent easy and likely frequent abuse, whether known to be abusing or not.
20. An AV will attempt to briefly notify or signal another human-driven vehicle of a vehicle defect or fault such has brake lights being inoperative or the vehicle being unlit at night. Falling under social responsibility, some indication such as flashing the lights should be performed, or very likely digital signage incorporated into the exterior of the vehicle. An unlit human driven vehicle traveling at night will be reported to the authorities.
The AV brings up many questions. If a safety issue of another vehicle is observed, should it be ignored?
Autonomous cars are expected to relieve congestion with ride sharing. What if the occupants before you leave a mess? Do you want your child in a car seat that has been shared? Will they be cleaned before each pick-up? Will occupants have ratings based on conduct, which means monitoring, like current human driven rideshare vehicles? If a crime is committed inside the vehicle, will it be reported?
While the autonomous car will alleviate some congestion, enable greater productivity, and allow more mobility for all ages, there are serious considerations that must enacted into law for the purposes of safety, privacy and liability.
Showing posts with label Autonomous car laws. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Autonomous car laws. Show all posts
Monday, July 18, 2016
Autonomous Car Implications Part 2
Driving aspects of the Autonomous Car are varied and far reaching. Below are numerous considerations that must be accounted for.
Commuting: Commuting not only will take on an entirely new look, but the Auto/Ecars will also have complex human g-force tolerance software code. Of course, excessive tire wear would be avoided. The Auto/Ecars will be all about efficiency unless having allowed exceptions. For
example, during rush hour, the vehicles will be closely spaced together for reduced travel times and space efficiency. This not only can be visually uncomfortable for some, but will exceptions or levels be programmed for sightseeing or comfort levels?
The already ridiculous carpool/HOV lanes that essentially force the majority of vehicles into less lanes will require a serious re-think and hopefully an early abolishment. The intelligence grid will have to allow the Auto/Ecars to access the lane for efficiency, especially if there is an accident or hazard in another lane. The most efficient, safest car on the road won’t be allowed in the HOV lane if there is a solo occupant? What a joke, a waste of gas and a waste of battery electricity (which must be re-charged) if bogged down in the slower lanes. But will they really be slower?
The AutoCar/Ecars will enable extremely efficient traffic flow with virtually everyone traveling at a constant speed. It will truly reveal how efficient the traffic lights signals, merge lanes and on/off ramps really are in design for traffic management. When synching with other vehicles is enabled, drafting will allow for significantly more vehicles in a given space as well as the reduced energy consumption. It mayvbe optional or only allowed in middle or left lanes where traffic isn’t merging on and off the highway.
City driving: City driving will present the most challenges that will evolve from suburban issues. Traffic lights will likely communicate the timing of the lights to the automated vehicles so that sudden stops are avoided. The gray area of going through an intersection while yellow could
cause a host of issues with pedestrians and Self-drivers. Will an autonomous car turn right on red when the oncoming vehicle has a yellow? Be prepared for minute delays programmed for cautionary reasons versus some of your driving habits. Also intersections will have accessible data for vehicle counts in a given stretch of road to prevent gridlock by vehicles stopping in intersections.
There will be a conflict of efficiency vs. travel speeds due to the safety factor.
If the Auto/Ecar is safer, why not allow 85-100mph or higher speeds? My prediction is the 65-75mph zone in most major metropolitan areas will remain for multiple reasons:
1. Higher speeds will mean a faster consumption for the battery charge or fuel due to aerodynamic drag.
2. Equipment wear will be accelerated – tires, brakes, etc.
3. Few roads will enable such speeds without uncomfortable later g-loading causing panic or unfamiliar feelings for the passengers.
Adverse Weather Conditions: Speeds may not drop very much but will require messaging to be sent to vehicles in a particular zone when a hazard is present. For instance, when standing water is identified by camera, a sensor or a tire experiencing hydroplaning is sensed by the traction control
(some modern cars already shut off the cruise control when this occurs), then a slowdown will occur, potentially with a reason announced for the occupants and an alert issued for that particluar road sector.
Other cars on road: There will have to be an established standard as to whether or not traffic violations observed by the exterior view cameras are reported. Essentially mobile traffic cameras, if the AutoCar/Ecar observes another vehicle overtaking it by 15-20mph on a multi-lane highway, or
rolling through a stop-sign, does it get reported automatically by the AutoCar/Ecar?
Accidents: It will be inevitable accidents will still occur. Self drivers will make mistakes as they currently do as well as a myriad of reasons. But will sensors and vision systems be able to differentiate from a deer or a fallen branch as opposed to blowing leaves? How close will it drive
next to parked cars? What happens when a car door opens? An errant traffic cone will cause extreme maneuvers to avoid vehicle damage. What happens when heads are turned in conversation with each other when brakes are applied with full force or extreme steering maneuvers occur?
Motorcyclists: The motorcyclist may be the last bastion of the self-driver despite eventual safety equipment, noise and emission requirements. But with distracted and poor drivers eventually being reduced by the AutoCar/Ecar, motorcycling will become safer. And potentially more popular
which is a good thing.
A former high tech industry executive and driving enthusiast with racing school and vast vehicle experience expressed joy in driving his own cars while still realizing virtually all the dynamics are computer monitored and controlled in a modern vehicle. However, a long, monotonous drive could make an AutoCar/Ecar a desirable option. But the big fear is the prejudice against self-drivers and inevitable government mandates of minimum AutoCar/Ecars in a manufacturer’s fleet, usage areas and commute times.
The Autonomous Car is an inevitable reality, but why? It is an exercise in technology coming to fruition that will lead to more monitoring, laws, infrastructure costs, enforcement and inevitable government presence with interference in our daily lives, even when alone. Yes, lives will be saved, but if driving under the influence was reduced and current safety technology more widespread, fatality rates will drop as they already have been. And will us, the enthusiast, be able to drive ourselves without penalty, marginalization and restriction?
Commuting: Commuting not only will take on an entirely new look, but the Auto/Ecars will also have complex human g-force tolerance software code. Of course, excessive tire wear would be avoided. The Auto/Ecars will be all about efficiency unless having allowed exceptions. For
example, during rush hour, the vehicles will be closely spaced together for reduced travel times and space efficiency. This not only can be visually uncomfortable for some, but will exceptions or levels be programmed for sightseeing or comfort levels?
The already ridiculous carpool/HOV lanes that essentially force the majority of vehicles into less lanes will require a serious re-think and hopefully an early abolishment. The intelligence grid will have to allow the Auto/Ecars to access the lane for efficiency, especially if there is an accident or hazard in another lane. The most efficient, safest car on the road won’t be allowed in the HOV lane if there is a solo occupant? What a joke, a waste of gas and a waste of battery electricity (which must be re-charged) if bogged down in the slower lanes. But will they really be slower?
The AutoCar/Ecars will enable extremely efficient traffic flow with virtually everyone traveling at a constant speed. It will truly reveal how efficient the traffic lights signals, merge lanes and on/off ramps really are in design for traffic management. When synching with other vehicles is enabled, drafting will allow for significantly more vehicles in a given space as well as the reduced energy consumption. It mayvbe optional or only allowed in middle or left lanes where traffic isn’t merging on and off the highway.
City driving: City driving will present the most challenges that will evolve from suburban issues. Traffic lights will likely communicate the timing of the lights to the automated vehicles so that sudden stops are avoided. The gray area of going through an intersection while yellow could
cause a host of issues with pedestrians and Self-drivers. Will an autonomous car turn right on red when the oncoming vehicle has a yellow? Be prepared for minute delays programmed for cautionary reasons versus some of your driving habits. Also intersections will have accessible data for vehicle counts in a given stretch of road to prevent gridlock by vehicles stopping in intersections.
There will be a conflict of efficiency vs. travel speeds due to the safety factor.
If the Auto/Ecar is safer, why not allow 85-100mph or higher speeds? My prediction is the 65-75mph zone in most major metropolitan areas will remain for multiple reasons:
1. Higher speeds will mean a faster consumption for the battery charge or fuel due to aerodynamic drag.
2. Equipment wear will be accelerated – tires, brakes, etc.
3. Few roads will enable such speeds without uncomfortable later g-loading causing panic or unfamiliar feelings for the passengers.
Adverse Weather Conditions: Speeds may not drop very much but will require messaging to be sent to vehicles in a particular zone when a hazard is present. For instance, when standing water is identified by camera, a sensor or a tire experiencing hydroplaning is sensed by the traction control
(some modern cars already shut off the cruise control when this occurs), then a slowdown will occur, potentially with a reason announced for the occupants and an alert issued for that particluar road sector.
Other cars on road: There will have to be an established standard as to whether or not traffic violations observed by the exterior view cameras are reported. Essentially mobile traffic cameras, if the AutoCar/Ecar observes another vehicle overtaking it by 15-20mph on a multi-lane highway, or
rolling through a stop-sign, does it get reported automatically by the AutoCar/Ecar?
Accidents: It will be inevitable accidents will still occur. Self drivers will make mistakes as they currently do as well as a myriad of reasons. But will sensors and vision systems be able to differentiate from a deer or a fallen branch as opposed to blowing leaves? How close will it drive
next to parked cars? What happens when a car door opens? An errant traffic cone will cause extreme maneuvers to avoid vehicle damage. What happens when heads are turned in conversation with each other when brakes are applied with full force or extreme steering maneuvers occur?
Motorcyclists: The motorcyclist may be the last bastion of the self-driver despite eventual safety equipment, noise and emission requirements. But with distracted and poor drivers eventually being reduced by the AutoCar/Ecar, motorcycling will become safer. And potentially more popular
which is a good thing.
A former high tech industry executive and driving enthusiast with racing school and vast vehicle experience expressed joy in driving his own cars while still realizing virtually all the dynamics are computer monitored and controlled in a modern vehicle. However, a long, monotonous drive could make an AutoCar/Ecar a desirable option. But the big fear is the prejudice against self-drivers and inevitable government mandates of minimum AutoCar/Ecars in a manufacturer’s fleet, usage areas and commute times.
The Autonomous Car is an inevitable reality, but why? It is an exercise in technology coming to fruition that will lead to more monitoring, laws, infrastructure costs, enforcement and inevitable government presence with interference in our daily lives, even when alone. Yes, lives will be saved, but if driving under the influence was reduced and current safety technology more widespread, fatality rates will drop as they already have been. And will us, the enthusiast, be able to drive ourselves without penalty, marginalization and restriction?
Autonomous Car Implications Part 1
Transportation as we know it will be radically changing in the next few decades. The autonomous automobile is going to forever change the driving arena. This two-part series discusses implications and raises questions and theories of the impact to all of our lives. There are a myriad of issues the public may not have considered before. However, behind the scenes great minds are formulating the technology and procedures to bring this new age of transportation.
The AutoCar/Ecar/iCar will be a fully automated transportation device with a host of external AND internal monitoring systems. Take all this in, and start thinking how the non-AutoCar/Ecar owner will be incorporated and accepted. New rules and operating laws will be written all in the name of safety and efficiency. Current safety concerns will potentially plummet if interface and programming is done correctly. The fatality rate will eventually be below the airline industry. Will all the benefits cause a prejudice against the independent self-drivers? Will law enforcement target self-drivers for possible infractions more often?
Law Enforcement will need far fewer resources tied up with accident responses. Crime will decrease due to crime response improving even with overworked/over budget departments.
Consider the following:
The Car: It will have interior occupant sensors, cameras, GPS and cellular for navigation and emergency purposes, exterior cameras to monitor traffic and electric motors for steering, door opening, etc. There will be plenty of gasoline for many years, but how many internal
combustion cars will be AutoCar/Ecars?
Fully tinted windows will be allowed – because emergency responders will be able to remotely activate bright interior lights and receive occupant counts or even identification via the cameras. Remember, the technology is there, it’s just a matter of adding software code and the equipment.
Will differences in routing be an inconvenience? Recently a route from Google Maps to a BMW navigation system gave two different routes to the same destination. When giving verbal directions, just wait until road, tire and wind noise cause the spoken words to be misunderstood just like they are now with Bluetooth voice dialing.
Ownership: The owner must show authorization to command the car to travel OR provide authorization for a passenger. Will owners charge others with rates less than a taxi? How will that be monitored? Will we have to register our work and home addresses? Will “Big Brother”
monitor the use? Or, will there be an option for income generation for allowing the vehicle to be used for a taxi? How many will take advantage of that and suffer from smokers, litterers, vandals and who knows what else?
Occupant considerations: All occupants, including pets will be required to be safely secured or belted in. At any time a passenger is unbelted the vehicle will immediately slow and pull over to a safe area and come to a stop. All passengers will have emergency button/alarm access. If at any
time the button or alarm is activated, not only will the vehicle come to stop, the authorities will automatically be alerted, contact the vehicle occupants via video conference and know the location of the vehicle via GPS and cellular signals. There will be serious fines for false alerts otherwise they will overwhelm the system due to sheer volume. Remember, eventually we’re talking about millions on the road at any time.
Will drinking and riding be allowed? Not if a driver override would be required. Now a breath analyzer aspect may get incorporated as well and one occupant of legal age will have to be sober. What is the penalty for drinking and riding if caught?
Passenger interaction: Eventually the technology will allow for non-driver interaction. At what point will that be allowed? Right now a front seat passenger must be present. What about special needs vehicles and the elderly? When do they get their personal car use? Weight and biometric sensors
will be in the seats so an occupant cannot nap in the back seat while the AutoCar/Ecar is driving until non-driver interaction is allowed.
Check out the Part 2 article regarding the driving considerations of commuting, city driving, accidents, etc.
The AutoCar/Ecar/iCar will be a fully automated transportation device with a host of external AND internal monitoring systems. Take all this in, and start thinking how the non-AutoCar/Ecar owner will be incorporated and accepted. New rules and operating laws will be written all in the name of safety and efficiency. Current safety concerns will potentially plummet if interface and programming is done correctly. The fatality rate will eventually be below the airline industry. Will all the benefits cause a prejudice against the independent self-drivers? Will law enforcement target self-drivers for possible infractions more often?
Law Enforcement will need far fewer resources tied up with accident responses. Crime will decrease due to crime response improving even with overworked/over budget departments.
Consider the following:
The Car: It will have interior occupant sensors, cameras, GPS and cellular for navigation and emergency purposes, exterior cameras to monitor traffic and electric motors for steering, door opening, etc. There will be plenty of gasoline for many years, but how many internal
combustion cars will be AutoCar/Ecars?
Fully tinted windows will be allowed – because emergency responders will be able to remotely activate bright interior lights and receive occupant counts or even identification via the cameras. Remember, the technology is there, it’s just a matter of adding software code and the equipment.
Will differences in routing be an inconvenience? Recently a route from Google Maps to a BMW navigation system gave two different routes to the same destination. When giving verbal directions, just wait until road, tire and wind noise cause the spoken words to be misunderstood just like they are now with Bluetooth voice dialing.
Ownership: The owner must show authorization to command the car to travel OR provide authorization for a passenger. Will owners charge others with rates less than a taxi? How will that be monitored? Will we have to register our work and home addresses? Will “Big Brother”
monitor the use? Or, will there be an option for income generation for allowing the vehicle to be used for a taxi? How many will take advantage of that and suffer from smokers, litterers, vandals and who knows what else?
Occupant considerations: All occupants, including pets will be required to be safely secured or belted in. At any time a passenger is unbelted the vehicle will immediately slow and pull over to a safe area and come to a stop. All passengers will have emergency button/alarm access. If at any
time the button or alarm is activated, not only will the vehicle come to stop, the authorities will automatically be alerted, contact the vehicle occupants via video conference and know the location of the vehicle via GPS and cellular signals. There will be serious fines for false alerts otherwise they will overwhelm the system due to sheer volume. Remember, eventually we’re talking about millions on the road at any time.
Will drinking and riding be allowed? Not if a driver override would be required. Now a breath analyzer aspect may get incorporated as well and one occupant of legal age will have to be sober. What is the penalty for drinking and riding if caught?
Passenger interaction: Eventually the technology will allow for non-driver interaction. At what point will that be allowed? Right now a front seat passenger must be present. What about special needs vehicles and the elderly? When do they get their personal car use? Weight and biometric sensors
will be in the seats so an occupant cannot nap in the back seat while the AutoCar/Ecar is driving until non-driver interaction is allowed.
Check out the Part 2 article regarding the driving considerations of commuting, city driving, accidents, etc.
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